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WIND FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH OTHER USES WIND DISAMBIGUATION WIND FROM TACUINUM SANITATIS BREEZE LIFTS VEIL BRIDE RUINS SUTRO BATHSWIND FLOW GASES LARGE SCALE EARTH WIND CONSISTS BULK MOVEMENT OUTER SPACE SOLAR WIND MOVEMENT GASES CHARGED PARTICLES FROM THROUGH SPACE WHILE PLANETARY WIND OUTGASSING LIGHT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FROM PLANET'S ATMOSPHERE INTO SPACE WINDS COMMONLY CLASSIFIED THEIR SPATIAL SCALE THEIR SPEED TYPES FORCES THAT CAUSE THEM REGIONS WHICH THEY OCCUR THEIR EFFECT STRONGEST OBSERVED WINDS PLANET SOLAR SYSTEM OCCUR NEPTUNE SATURN METEOROLOGY WINDS OFTEN REFERRED ACCORDING THEIR STRENGTH DIRECTION WIND BLOWING FROM SHORT BURSTS HIGH SPEED WIND TERMED GUSTS STRONG WINDS INTERMEDIATE DURATION AROUND MINUTE TERMED SQUALLS LONG-DURATION WINDS HAVE VARIOUS NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR AVERAGE STRENGTH SUCH BREEZE GALE STORM HURRICANE TYPHOON WIND OCCURS RANGE SCALES FROM THUNDERSTORM FLOWS LASTING TENS MINUTES LOCAL BREEZES GENERATED HEATING LAND SURFACES LASTING HOURS GLOBAL WINDS RESULTING FROM DIFFERENCE ABSORPTION SOLAR ENERGY BETWEEN CLIMATE ZONES EARTH MAIN CAUSES LARGE SCALE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DIFFERENTIAL HEATING BETWEEN EQUATOR POLES ROTATION PLANET CORIOLIS EFFECT WITHIN TROPICS THERMAL CIRCULATIONS OVER TERRAIN HIGH PLATEAUS DRIVE MONSOON CIRCULATIONS COASTAL AREAS BREEZE LAND BREEZE CYCLE DEFINE LOCAL WINDS AREAS THAT HAVE VARIABLE TERRAIN MOUNTAIN VALLEY BREEZES DOMINATE LOCAL WINDS HUMAN CIVILIZATION WIND INSPIRED MYTHOLOGY INFLUENCED EVENTS HISTORY EXPANDED RANGE TRANSPORT WARFARE PROVIDED POWER SOURCE MECHANICAL WORK ELECTRICITY RECREATION WIND POWERED VOYAGES SAILING SHIPS ACROSS EARTH'S OCEANS BALLOONS WIND TAKE SHORT TRIPS POWERED FLIGHT USES INCREASE LIFT REDUCE FUEL CONSUMPTION AREAS WIND SHEAR CAUSED VARIOUS WEATHER PHENOMENA LEAD DANGEROUS SITUATIONS AIRCRAFT WHEN WINDS BECOME STRONG TREES MAN-MADE STRUCTURES DAMAGED DESTROYED WINDS SHAPE LANDFORMS VARIETY AEOLIAN PROCESSES SUCH FORMATION FERTILE SOILS SUCH LOESS EROSION DUST FROM LARGE DESERTS MOVED GREAT DISTANCES FROM SOURCE REGION PREVAILING WINDS WINDS THAT ACCELERATED ROUGH TOPOGRAPHY ASSOCIATED WITH DUST OUTBREAKS HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED REGIONAL NAMES VARIOUS PARTS WORLD BECAUSE THEIR SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS THOSE REGIONS WIND EFFECTS SPREAD WILDFIRES WINDS DISPERSE SEEDS FROM VARIOUS PLANTS ENABLING SURVIVAL DISPERSAL THOSE PLANT SPECIES WELL FLYING INSECT POPULATIONS WHEN COMBINED WITH COLD TEMPERATURES WIND NEGATIVE IMPACT LIVESTOCK WIND AFFECTS ANIMALS' FOOD STORES WELL THEIR HUNTING DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES CONTENTS HIDE CAUSE MEASUREMENT WIND FORCE SCALE GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY TROPICS WESTERLIES THEIR IMPACT POLAR EASTERLIES LOCAL CONSIDERATIONS LAND BREEZES NEAR MOUNTAINS AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS WIND POWER DENSITY SHEAR USAGE WIND HISTORY TRANSPORTATION POWER SOURCE RECREATION ROLE NATURAL WORLD EROSION DESERT DUST MIGRATION EFFECT PLANTS EFFECT ANIMALS RELATED DAMAGE OUTER SPACE PLANETARY WIND SOLAR WIND OTHER PLANETS ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT CAUSE SURFACE ANALYSIS GREAT BLIZZARD AREAS WITH GREATER ISOBARIC PACKING INDICATE HIGHER WINDS WIND CAUSED DIFFERENCES PRESSURE WHEN DIFFERENCE PRESSURE EXISTS ACCELERATED FROM HIGHER LOWER PRESSURE ROTATING PLANET WILL DEFLECTED CORIOLIS EFFECT EXCEPT EXACTLY EQUATOR GLOBALLY MAJOR DRIVING FACTORS LARGE SCALE WINDS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DIFFERENTIAL HEATING BETWEEN EQUATOR POLES DIFFERENCE ABSORPTION SOLAR ENERGY LEADING BUOYANCY FORCES ROTATION PLANET OUTSIDE TROPICS ALOFT FROM FRICTIONAL EFFECTS SURFACE LARGE-SCALE WINDS TEND APPROACH GEOSTROPHIC BALANCE NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE FRICTION CAUSES WIND SLOWER THAN WOULD OTHERWISE SURFACE FRICTION ALSO CAUSES WINDS BLOW MORE INWARD INTO PRESSURE AREAS WINDS DEFINED EQUILIBRIUM PHYSICAL FORCES USED DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS WIND PROFILES THEY USEFUL SIMPLIFYING ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS MOTION MAKING QUALITATIVE ARGUMENTS ABOUT HORIZONTAL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION WINDS GEOSTROPHIC WIND COMPONENT RESULT BALANCE BETWEEN CORIOLIS FORCE PRESSURE GRADIENT FORCE FLOWS PARALLEL ISOBARS APPROXIMATES FLOW ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER MIDLATITUDES THERMAL WIND DIFFERENCE GEOSTROPHIC WIND BETWEEN LEVELS ATMOSPHERE EXISTS ONLY ATMOSPHERE WITH HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AGEOSTROPHIC WIND COMPONENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL GEOSTROPHIC WIND WHICH RESPONSIBLE FILLING CYCLONES OVER TIME GRADIENT WIND SIMILAR GEOSTROPHIC WIND ALSO INCLUDES CENTRIFUGAL FORCE CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION EDIT MEASUREMENT WINDMILL STYLE ANEMOMETER OCCLUDED MESOCYCLONE TORNADO OKLAHOMA WIND DIRECTION REPORTED DIRECTION FROM WHICH ORIGINATES EXAMPLE NORTHERLY WIND BLOWS FROM NORTH SOUTH WEATHER VANES PIVOT INDICATE DIRECTION WIND AIRPORTS WINDSOCKS PRIMARILY USED INDICATE WIND DIRECTION ALSO USED ESTIMATE WIND SPEED ANGLE HANG WIND SPEED MEASURED ANEMOMETERS MOST COMMONLY USING ROTATING CUPS PROPELLERS WHEN HIGH MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY NEEDED SUCH RESEARCH APPLICATIONS WIND MEASURED PROPAGATION SPEED ULTRASOUND SIGNALS EFFECT VENTILATION RESISTANCE HEATED WIRE ANOTHER TYPE ANEMOMETER USES PITOT TUBES THAT TAKE ADVANTAGE PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN INNER TUBE OUTER TUBE THAT EXPOSED WIND DETERMINE DYNAMIC PRESSURE WHICH THEN USED COMPUTE WIND SPEED SUSTAINED WIND SPEEDS REPORTED GLOBALLY METRES HEIGHT AVERAGED OVER MINUTE TIME FRAME UNITED STATES REPORTS WINDS OVER MINUTE AVERAGE WHILE INDIA TYPICALLY REPORTS WINDS OVER MINUTE AVERAGE KNOWING WIND SAMPLING AVERAGE IMPORTANT VALUE ONE-MINUTE SUSTAINED WIND TYPICALLY PERCENT GREATER THAN TEN-MINUTE SUSTAINED WIND SHORT BURST HIGH SPEED WIND TERMED WIND GUST TECHNICAL DEFINITION WIND GUST MAXIMA THAT EXCEED LOWEST WIND SPEED MEASURED DURING MINUTE TIME INTERVAL KNOTS SQUALL DOUBLING WIND SPEED ABOVE CERTAIN THRESHOLD WHICH LASTS MINUTE MORE DETERMINE WINDS ALOFT RAWINSONDES DETERMINE WIND SPEED RADIO NAVIGATION RADAR TRACKING PROBE ALTERNATIVELY MOVEMENT PARENT WEATHER BALLOON POSITION TRACKED FROM GROUND VISUALLY USING THEODOLITES REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES WIND INCLUDE SODAR DOPPLER LIDARS RADARS WHICH MEASURE DOPPLER SHIFT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SCATTERED REFLECTED SUSPENDED AEROSOLS MOLECULES RADIOMETERS RADARS USED MEASURE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OCEAN FROM SPACE AIRPLANES OCEAN ROUGHNESS USED ESTIMATE WIND VELOCITY CLOSE SURFACE OVER OCEANS GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE IMAGERY USED ESTIMATE WINDS THROUGHOUT ATMOSPHERE BASED UPON CLOUDS MOVE FROM IMAGE NEXT WIND ENGINEERING DESCRIBES STUDY EFFECTS WIND BUILT ENVIRONMENT INCLUDING BUILDINGS BRIDGES OTHER MAN-MADE OBJECTS EDIT WIND FORCE SCALE ALSO TROPICAL CYCLONE SCALES SURFACE WEATHER ANALYSIS HISTORICALLY BEAUFORT WIND FORCE SCALE PROVIDES EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED BASED OBSERVED CONDITIONS ORIGINALLY -LEVEL SCALE DURING SCALE EXPANDED LEVELS THERE GENERAL TERMS THAT DIFFERENTIATE WINDS DIFFERENT AVERAGE SPEEDS SUCH BREEZE GALE STORM TORNADO HURRICANE WITHIN BEAUFORT SCALE GALE-FORCE WINDS BETWEEN KNOTS KNOTS WITH PRECEDING ADJECTIVES SUCH MODERATE FRESH STRONG WHOLE USED DIFFERENTIATE WIND'S STRENGTH WITHIN GALE CATEGORY STORM WINDS KNOTS KNOTS TERMINOLOGY TROPICAL CYCLONES DIFFERS FROM REGION ANOTHER GLOBALLY MOST OCEAN BASINS AVERAGE WIND SPEED DETERMINE TROPICAL CYCLONE'S CATEGORY BELOW SUMMARY CLASSIFICATIONS USED REGIONAL SPECIALIZED METEOROLOGICAL CENTERS WORLDWIDE HIDE GENERAL WIND CLASSIFICATIONS TROPICAL CYCLONE CLASSIFICATIONS WINDS -MINUTE AVERAGES BEAUFORT SCALE -MINUTE SUSTAINED WINDS KNOTS GENERAL TERM INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIA PACIFIC PACIFIC PACIFIC JTWC PACIFIC ATLANTIC CPHC CALM DEPRESSION TROPICAL DISTURBANCE TROPICAL TROPICAL DEPRESSION TROPICAL DEPRESSION TROPICAL DEPRESSION TROPICAL DEPRESSION LIGHT LIGHT BREEZE GENTLE BREEZE MODERATE BREEZE FRESH BREEZE STRONG BREEZE MODERATE GALE DEEP DEPRESSION TROPICAL DEPRESSION FRESH GALE CYCLONIC STORM MODERATE TROPICAL STORM TROPICAL CYCLONE TROPICAL CYCLONE TROPICAL STORM TROPICAL STORM TROPICAL STORM STRONG GALE WHOLE GALE SEVERE CYCLONIC STORM SEVERE TROPICAL STORM TROPICAL CYCLONE TROPICAL CYCLONE SEVERE TROPICAL STORM STORM HURRICANE VERY SEVERE CYCLONIC STORM TROPICAL CYCLONE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE TYPHOON TYPHOON HURRICANE HURRICANE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE MAJOR HURRICANE INTENSE TROPICAL CYCLONE MAJOR HURRICANE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE VERY INTENSE TROPICAL CYCLONE SUPER TYPHOON SUPER CYCLONIC STORM MAJOR HURRICANE WIND PLOTTING WITHIN STATION MODELTHE STATION MODEL PLOTTED SURFACE WEATHER MAPS USES WIND BARB SHOW BOTH WIND DIRECTION SPEED WIND BARB SHOWS SPEED USING FLAGS EACH HALF FLAG DEPICTS KNOTS WIND EACH FULL FLAG DEPICTS KNOTS WIND EACH PENNANT FILLED TRIANGLE DEPICTS KNOTS WIND WINDS DEPICTED BLOWING FROM DIRECTION BARB FACING THEREFORE NORTHEAST WIND WILL DEPICTED WITH LINE EXTENDING FROM CLOUD CIRCLE NORTHEAST WITH FLAGS INDICATING WIND SPEED NORTHEAST THIS LINE ONCE PLOTTED ANALYSIS ISOTACHS LINES EQUAL WIND SPEEDS ACCOMPLISHED ISOTACHS PARTICULARLY USEFUL DIAGNOSING LOCATION STREAM UPPER LEVEL CONSTANT PRESSURE CHARTS USUALLY LOCATED ABOVE LEVEL EDIT GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY MAIN ARTICLE PREVAILING WINDS WESTERLIES TRADE WINDS WINDS PART EARTH'S ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION EASTERLY WINDS AVERAGE DOMINATE FLOW PATTERN ACROSS POLES WESTERLY WINDS BLOW ACROSS MID-LATITUDES EARTH NORTH SUBTROPICAL RIDGE WHILE EASTERLIES AGAIN DOMINATE TROPICS DIRECTLY UNDER SUBTROPICAL RIDGE DOLDRUMS HORSE LATITUDES WHERE WINDS LIGHTER MANY EARTH'S DESERTS NEAR AVERAGE LATITUDE SUBTROPICAL RIDGE WHERE DESCENT REDUCES RELATIVE HUMIDITY AIRMASS STRONGEST WINDS MID-LATITUDES WHERE COLD ARCTIC MEETS WARM FROM TROPICS EDIT TROPICS ALSO TRADE WIND MONSOON TRADE WINDS ALSO CALLED TRADES PREVAILING PATTERN EASTERLY SURFACE WINDS FOUND TROPICS TOWARDS EARTH'S EQUATOR TRADE WINDS BLOW PREDOMINANTLY FROM NORTHEAST NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FROM SOUTHEAST SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE TRADE WINDS STEERING FLOW TROPICAL CYCLONES THAT FORM OVER WORLD'S OCEANS TRADE WINDS ALSO STEER AFRICAN DUST WESTWARD ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN INTO CARIBBEAN WELL PORTIONS SOUTHEAST NORTH AMERICA MONSOON SEASONAL PREVAILING WIND THAT LASTS SEVERAL MONTHS WITHIN TROPICAL REGIONS TERM FIRST USED ENGLISH INDIA BANGLADESH PAKISTAN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES REFER SEASONAL WINDS BLOWING FROM INDIAN OCEAN ARABIAN SOUTHWEST BRINGING HEAVY RAINFALL AREA POLEWARD PROGRESSION ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT HEAT OVER ASIAN AFRICAN NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENTS DURING THROUGH JULY OVER AUSTRALIA DECEMBER EDIT WESTERLIES THEIR IMPACT BENJAMIN FRANKLIN'S GULF STREAMMAIN ARTICLE WESTERLIES WESTERLIES PREVAILING WESTERLIES PREVAILING WINDS MIDDLE LATITUDES BETWEEN DEGREES LATITUDE THESE PREVAILING WINDS BLOW FROM WEST EAST NORTH SUBTROPICAL RIDGE STEER EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES THIS GENERAL MANNER WINDS PREDOMINANTLY FROM SOUTHWEST NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FROM NORTHWEST SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE THEY STRONGEST WINTER WHEN PRESSURE LOWER OVER POLES WEAKEST DURING SUMMER WHEN PRESSURES HIGHER OVER POLES TOGETHER WITH TRADE WINDS WESTERLIES ENABLED ROUND-TRIP TRADE ROUTE SAILING SHIPS CROSSING ATLANTIC PACIFIC OCEANS WESTERLIES LEAD DEVELOPMENT STRONG OCEAN CURRENTS WESTERN SIDES OCEANS BOTH HEMISPHERES THROUGH PROCESS WESTERN INTENSIFICATION THESE WESTERN OCEAN CURRENTS TRANSPORT WARM TROPICAL WATER POLEWARDS TOWARD POLAR REGIONS WESTERLIES PARTICULARLY STRONG ESPECIALLY SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE WHERE THERE LESS LAND MIDDLE LATITUDES CAUSE FLOW PATTERN AMPLIFY WHICH SLOWS WINDS DOWN STRONGEST WESTERLY WINDS MIDDLE LATITUDES WITHIN BAND KNOWN ROARING FORTIES BETWEEN DEGREES LATITUDE SOUTH EQUATOR WESTERLIES PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE CARRYING WARM EQUATORIAL WATERS WINDS WESTERN COASTS CONTINENTS ESPECIALLY SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE BECAUSE VAST OCEANIC EXPANSE EDIT POLAR EASTERLIES MAIN ARTICLE POLAR EASTERLIES POLAR EASTERLIES ALSO KNOWN POLAR HADLEY CELLS COLD PREVAILING WINDS THAT BLOW FROM HIGH-PRESSURE AREAS POLAR HIGHS NORTH SOUTH POLES TOWARDS LOW-PRESSURE AREAS WITHIN WESTERLIES HIGH LATITUDES UNLIKE WESTERLIES THESE PREVAILING WINDS BLOW FROM EAST WEST OFTEN WEAK IRREGULAR BECAUSE ANGLE COLD BUILDS SUBSIDES POLE CREATING SURFACE HIGH-PRESSURE AREAS FORCING EQUATORWARD OUTFLOW THAT OUTFLOW DEFLECTED EASTWARD CORIOLIS EFFECT EDIT LOCAL CONSIDERATIONS LOCAL WINDS AROUND WORLD THESE WINDS FORMED TROUGH HEATING LAND FROM MOUNTAINS FLAT TERRAIN EDIT LAND BREEZES MAIN ARTICLE BREEZE BREEZE OCCURS DAYTIME LAND BREEZE OCCURS NIGHT COASTAL REGIONS BREEZES LAND BREEZES IMPORTANT FACTORS LOCATION'S PREVAILING WINDS WARMED MORE SLOWLY BECAUSE WATER'S GREATER SPECIFIC HEAT COMPARED LAND TEMPERATURE SURFACE LAND RISES LAND HEATS ABOVE CONDUCTION WARM LESS DENSE THAN SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT RISES THIS CAUSES PRESSURE GRADIENT ABOUT MILLIBARS FROM OCEAN LAND COOLER ABOVE WITH HIGHER LEVEL PRESSURE FLOWS INLAND INTO LOWER PRESSURE CREATING COOLER BREEZE NEAR COAST WHEN LARGE-SCALE WINDS CALM STRENGTH BREEZE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAND MASS OFFSHORE WIND KNOTS EXISTS BREEZE LIKELY DEVELOP NIGHT LAND COOLS MORE QUICKLY THAN OCEAN BECAUSE DIFFERENCES THEIR SPECIFIC HEAT VALUES THIS TEMPERATURE CHANGE CAUSES DAYTIME BREEZE DISSIPATE WHEN TEMPERATURE ONSHORE COOLS BELOW TEMPERATURE OFFSHORE PRESSURE OVER WATER WILL LOWER THAN THAT LAND ESTABLISHING LAND BREEZE LONG ONSHORE WIND STRONG ENOUGH OPPOSE EDIT NEAR MOUNTAINS MOUNTAIN WAVE SCHEMATIC WIND FLOWS TOWARDS MOUNTAIN PRODUCES FIRST OSCILLATION SECOND WAVE OCCURS FURTHER AWAY HIGHER LENTICULAR CLOUDS FORM PEAK WAVES OVER ELEVATED SURFACES HEATING GROUND EXCEEDS HEATING SURROUNDING SAME ALTITUDE ABOVE LEVEL CREATING ASSOCIATED THERMAL OVER TERRAIN ENHANCING THERMAL LOWS THAT WOULD HAVE OTHERWISE EXISTED CHANGING WIND CIRCULATION REGION AREAS WHERE THERE RUGGED TOPOGRAPHY THAT SIGNIFICANTLY INTERRUPTS ENVIRONMENTAL WIND FLOW WIND CIRCULATION BETWEEN MOUNTAINS VALLEYS MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR PREVAILING WINDS HILLS VALLEYS SUBSTANTIALLY DISTORT AIRFLOW INCREASING FRICTION BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE LANDMASS ACTING PHYSICAL BLOCK FLOW DEFLECTING WIND PARALLEL RANGE JUST UPSTREAM TOPOGRAPHY WHICH KNOWN BARRIER THIS BARRIER INCREASE LEVEL WIND PERCENT WIND DIRECTION ALSO CHANGES BECAUSE CONTOUR LAND THERE PASS MOUNTAIN RANGE WINDS WILL RUSH THROUGH PASS WITH CONSIDERABLE SPEED BECAUSE BERNOULLI PRINCIPLE THAT DESCRIBES INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED PRESSURE AIRFLOW REMAIN TURBULENT ERRATIC SOME DISTANCE DOWNWIND INTO FLATTER COUNTRYSIDE THESE CONDITIONS DANGEROUS ASCENDING DESCENDING AIRPLANES COOL WINDS ACCELERATING THROUGH MOUNTAIN GAPS HAVE BEEN GIVEN REGIONAL NAMES CENTRAL AMERICA EXAMPLES INCLUDE PAPAGAYO WIND PANAMA WIND TEHUANO WIND EUROPE SIMILAR WINDS KNOWN BORA TRAMONTANE MISTRAL WHEN THESE WINDS BLOW OVER OPEN WATERS THEY INCREASE MIXING UPPER LAYERS OCEAN THAT ELEVATES COOL NUTRIENT RICH WATERS SURFACE WHICH LEADS INCREASED MARINE LIFE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS LOCAL DISTORTION AIRFLOW BECOMES SEVERE JAGGED TERRAIN COMBINES PRODUCE UNPREDICTABLE FLOW PATTERNS TURBULENCE SUCH ROTORS WHICH TOPPED LENTICULAR CLOUDS STRONG UPDRAFTS DOWNDRAFTS EDDIES DEVELOP FLOWS OVER HILLS DOWN VALLEYS OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION OCCURS WINDWARD SIDE MOUNTAINS CAUSED RISING MOTION LARGE-SCALE FLOW MOIST ACROSS MOUNTAIN RIDGE ALSO KNOWN UPSLOPE FLOW RESULTING ADIABATIC COOLING CONDENSATION MOUNTAINOUS PARTS WORLD SUBJECTED RELATIVELY CONSISTENT WINDS EXAMPLE TRADE WINDS MORE MOIST CLIMATE USUALLY PREVAILS WINDWARD SIDE MOUNTAIN THAN LEEWARD DOWNWIND SIDE MOISTURE REMOVED OROGRAPHIC LIFT LEAVING DRIER DESCENDING GENERALLY WARMING LEEWARD SIDE WHERE RAIN SHADOW OBSERVED WINDS THAT FLOW OVER MOUNTAINS DOWN INTO LOWER ELEVATIONS KNOWN DOWNSLOPE WINDS THESE WINDS WARM EUROPE DOWNWIND ALPS THEY KNOWN FOEHN POLAND EXAMPLE HALNY WIATR ARGENTINA LOCAL NAME DOWNSLOPED WINDS ZONDA JAVA LOCAL NAME SUCH WINDS KOEMBANG ZEALAND THEY KNOWN NOR'WEST ARCH ACCOMPANIED CLOUD FORMATION THEY NAMED AFTER THAT INSPIRED ARTWORK OVER YEARS GREAT PLAINS UNITED STATES WINDS KNOWN CHINOOK CALIFORNIA DOWNSLOPED WINDS FUNNELED THROUGH MOUNTAIN PASSES WHICH INTENSIFY THEIR EFFECT EXAMPLES INTO SANTA SUNDOWNER WINDS WIND SPEEDS DURING DOWNSLOPE WIND EFFECT EXCEED KILOMETRES HOUR EDIT AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS AVERAGE WINDSPEEDS ALTITUDE AVERAGE WINDSPEEDS ALTITUDEMAIN ARTICLE WIND ATLAS DESCRIBED EARLIER PREVAILING LOCAL WINDS SPREAD EVENLY ACROSS EARTH WHICH MEANS THAT WIND SPEEDS ALSO DIFFER REGION ADDITION WIND SPEED ALSO INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE EDIT WIND POWER DENSITY NOWADAYS YARDSTICK USED DETERMINE BEST LOCATIONS WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT REFERRED WIND POWER DENSITY CALCULATION RELATING EFFECTIVE FORCE WIND PARTICULAR LOCATION FREQUENTLY EXPRESSED TERMS ELEVATION ABOVE GROUND LEVEL OVER PERIOD TIME TAKES INTO ACCOUNT WIND VELOCITY MASS COLOR CODED MAPS PREPARED PARTICULAR AREA DESCRIBED EXAMPLE MEAN ANNUAL POWER DENSITY METERS RESULTS ABOVE CALCULATION INCLUDED INDEX DEVELOPED NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY REFERRED NREL CLASS LARGER CALCULATION HIGHER RATED CLASS WORLDWIDE NAMEPLATE CAPACITY WIND-POWERED GENERATORS GIGAWATTS ALTHOUGH WIND PRODUCES ONLY ABOUT PERCENT WORLDWIDE ELECTRICITY GROWING RAPIDLY HAVING DOUBLED THREE YEARS BETWEEN SEVERAL COUNTRIES ACHIEVED RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS PENETRATION ACCOUNTING APPROXIMATELY PERCENT ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION DENMARK PERCENT SPAIN PORTUGAL PERCENT GERMANY REPUBLIC IRELAND STUDY INDICATES THAT ENTIRELY RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY BASED PERCENT WIND ATTAINABLE TODAY'S POWER PRICES LINKING WIND FARMS WITH HVDC SUPERGRID EDIT SHEAR HODOGRAPH PLOT WIND VECTORS VARIOUS HEIGHTS TROPOSPHERE WHICH USED DIAGNOSE VERTICAL WIND SHEARMAIN ARTICLE WIND SHEAR WIND SHEAR SOMETIMES REFERRED WINDSHEAR WIND GRADIENT DIFFERENCE WIND SPEED DIRECTION OVER RELATIVELY SHORT DISTANCE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE WIND SHEAR BROKEN DOWN INTO VERTICAL HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS WITH HORIZONTAL WIND SHEAR SEEN ACROSS WEATHER FRONTS NEAR COAST VERTICAL SHEAR TYPICALLY NEAR SURFACE THOUGH ALSO HIGHER LEVELS ATMOSPHERE NEAR UPPER LEVEL JETS FRONTAL ZONES ALOFT WIND SHEAR ITSELF MICROSCALE METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON OCCURRING OVER VERY SMALL DISTANCE ASSOCIATED WITH MESOSCALE SYNOPTIC SCALE WEATHER FEATURES SUCH SQUALL LINES COLD FRONTS COMMONLY OBSERVED NEAR MICROBURSTS DOWNBURSTS CAUSED THUNDERSTORMS WEATHER FRONTS AREAS LOCALLY HIGHER LEVEL WINDS REFERRED LEVEL JETS NEAR MOUNTAINS RADIATION INVERSIONS THAT OCCUR BECAUSE CLEAR SKIES CALM WINDS BUILDINGS WIND TURBINES SAILBOATS WIND SHEAR SIGNIFICANT EFFECT DURING TAKE-OFF LANDING AIRCRAFT BECAUSE THEIR EFFECTS CONTROL AIRCRAFT SIGNIFICANT CAUSE AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING LARGE LOSS LIFE WITHIN UNITED STATES SOUND MOVEMENT THROUGH ATMOSPHERE AFFECTED WIND SHEAR WHICH BEND WAVE FRONT CAUSING SOUNDS HEARD WHERE THEY NORMALLY WOULD VICE VERSA STRONG VERTICAL WIND SHEAR WITHIN TROPOSPHERE ALSO INHIBITS TROPICAL CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT HELPS ORGANIZE INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS INTO LIVING LONGER LIFE CYCLES THAT THEN PRODUCE SEVERE WEATHER THERMAL WIND CONCEPT EXPLAINS DIFFERENCES WIND SPEED WITH HEIGHT DEPENDENT HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES EXPLAINS EXISTENCE STREAM EDIT USAGE WIND EDIT HISTORY NATURAL FORCE WIND OFTEN PERSONIFIED MORE WIND GODS EXPRESSION SUPERNATURAL MANY CULTURES VAYU HINDU WIND GREEK WIND GODS INCLUDE BOREAS NOTUS EURUS ZEPHYRUS AEOLUS VARYING INTERPRETATIONS RULER KEEPER FOUR WINDS ALSO BEEN DESCRIBED ASTRAEUS DUSK FATHERED FOUR WINDS WITH GODDESS DAWN ANCIENT GREEKS ALSO OBSERVED SEASONAL CHANGE WINDS EVIDENCED TOWER WINDS ATHENS VENTI ROMAN GODS WINDS JAPANESE WIND ELDEST SHINTO GODS ACCORDING LEGEND PRESENT CREATION WORLD FIRST WINDS CLEAR WORLD MIST NORSE MYTHOLOGY NJORD WIND THERE ALSO FOUR DVäRGAR NORSE DWARVES NAMED NORðRI SUðRI AUSTRI VESTRI PROBABLY FOUR STAGS YGGDRASIL PERSONIFY FOUR WINDS PARALLEL FOUR GREEK WIND GODS STRIBOG NAME SLAVIC WINDS SAID ANCESTOR GRANDFATHER WINDS EIGHT DIRECTIONS KAMIKAZE JAPANESE WORD USUALLY TRANSLATED DIVINE WIND BELIEVED GIFT FROM GODS TERM FIRST KNOWN HAVE BEEN USED NAME PAIR SERIES TYPHOONS THAT SAID HAVE SAVED JAPAN FROM MONGOL FLEETS UNDER KUBLAI KHAN THAT ATTACKED JAPAN AGAIN PROTESTANT WIND NAME STORM THAT DETERRED SPANISH ARMADA FROM INVASION ENGLAND WHERE WIND PLAYED PIVOTAL ROLE FAVORABLE WINDS THAT ENABLED WILLIAM ORANGE INVADE ENGLAND DURING NAPOLEON'S EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN FRENCH SOLDIERS HARD TIME WITH KHAMSIN WIND WHEN STORM APPEARED BLOOD-STINT DISTANT NATIVES WENT TAKE COVER WHILE FRENCH REACT UNTIL LATE THEN CHOKED FAINTED BLINDING SUFFOCATING WALLS DUST DURING NORTH AFRICAN CAMPAIGN WORLD ALLIED GERMAN TROOPS WERE SEVERAL TIMES FORCED HALT MID-BATTLE BECAUSE SANDSTORMS CAUSED KHAMSIN GRAINS SAND WHIRLED WIND BLINDED SOLDIERS CREATED ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES THAT RENDERED COMPASSES USELESS EDIT TRANSPORTATION EXETER AIRFIELD SHOWING LAYOUT RUNWAYS THAT ALLOW AIRCRAFT TAKE LAND INTO WINDTHERE MANY DIFFERENT FORMS SAILING SHIPS THEY HAVE CERTAIN BASIC THINGS COMMON EXCEPT ROTOR SHIPS USING MAGNUS EFFECT EVERY SAILING SHIP HULL RIGGING LEAST MAST HOLD SAILS THAT WIND POWER SHIP OCEAN JOURNEYS SAILING SHIP TAKE MANY MONTHS COMMON HAZARD BECOMING BECALMED BECAUSE LACK WIND BEING BLOWN COURSE SEVERE STORMS WINDS THAT ALLOW PROGRESS DESIRED DIRECTION SEVERE STORM COULD LEAD SHIPWRECK LOSS HANDS SAILING SHIPS ONLY CARRY CERTAIN QUANTITY SUPPLIES THEIR HOLD THEY HAVE PLAN LONG VOYAGES CAREFULLY INCLUDE APPROPRIATE PROVISIONS INCLUDING FRESH WATER WHILE AIRCRAFT USUALLY TRAVEL UNDER INTERNAL POWER SOURCE TAIL WINDS AFFECT GROUNDSPEED CASE BALLOONS OTHER LIGHTER-THAN-AIR VEHICLES WIND PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLE THEIR MOVEMENT GROUND TRACK ADDITION DIRECTION WIND PLAYS ROLE TAKEOFF LANDING FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT AIRFIELD RUNWAYS USUALLY ALIGNED TAKE DIRECTION WIND INTO ACCOUNT FACTORS AFFECTING DIRECTION FLIGHT OPERATIONS AIRPORT WIND DIRECTION CONSIDERED PRIMARY GOVERNING FACTOR WHILE TAKING WITH TAILWIND PERMISSIBLE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES GENERALLY CONSIDERED LEAST DESIRABLE CHOICE BECAUSE PERFORMANCE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS WITH HEADWIND DESIRABLE CHOICE TAILWIND WILL INCREASE TAKEOFF DISTANCE DECREASE CLIMB GRADIENT SUCH THAT RUNWAY LENGTH OBSTACLE CLEARANCE BECOME LIMITING FACTORS AIRSHIP DIRIGIBLE LIGHTER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT THAT STEERED PROPELLED THROUGH USING RUDDERS PROPELLERS OTHER THRUST UNLIKE OTHER AERODYNAMIC AIRCRAFT SUCH FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT HELICOPTERS WHICH PRODUCE LIFT MOVING WING AIRFOIL THROUGH AEROSTATIC AIRCRAFT SUCH AIRSHIPS BALLOONS STAY ALOFT FILLING LARGE CAVITY SUCH BALLOON WITH LIFTING MAIN TYPES AIRSHIP NON-RIGID BLIMPS SEMI-RIGID RIGID BLIMPS SMALL AIRSHIPS WITHOUT INTERNAL SKELETONS SEMI-RIGID AIRSHIPS SLIGHTLY LARGER HAVE SOME FORM INTERNAL SUPPORT SUCH FIXED KEEL RIGID AIRSHIPS WITH FULL SKELETONS SUCH MASSIVE ZEPPELIN TRANSOCEANIC MODELS DISAPPEARED AFTER SEVERAL HIGH-PROFILE CATASTROPHIC ACCIDENTS DURING MID- CENTURY EDIT POWER SOURCE THIS WIND TURBINE GENERATES ELECTRICITY FROM WIND POWER ALSO WIND POWER HIGH ALTITUDE WIND POWER HISTORICALLY ANCIENT SINHALESE ANURADHAPURA OTHER CITIES AROUND LANKA USED MONSOON WINDS POWER FURNACES EARLY FURNACES WERE CONSTRUCTED PATH MONSOON WINDS EXPLOIT WIND POWER BRING TEMPERATURES INSIDE EARLY HISTORICAL REFERENCE RUDIMENTARY WINDMILL USED POWER ORGAN FIRST CENTURY FIRST PRACTICAL WINDMILLS WERE LATER BUILT SISTAN AFGHANISTAN FROM CENTURY THESE WERE VERTICAL-AXLE WINDMILLS WHICH LONG VERTICAL DRIVESHAFTS WITH RECTANGLE SHAPED BLADES MADE TWELVE SAILS COVERED REED MATTING CLOTH MATERIAL THESE WINDMILLS WERE USED GRIND CORN DRAW WATER WERE USED GRISTMILLING SUGARCANE INDUSTRIES HORIZONTAL-AXLE WINDMILLS WERE LATER USED EXTENSIVELY NORTHWESTERN EUROPE GRIND FLOUR BEGINNING MANY DUTCH WINDMILLS STILL EXIST HIGH ALTITUDE WIND POWER FOCUS OVER COMPANIES WORLDWIDE USING TETHERED TECHNOLOGY RATHER THAN GROUND-HUGGING COMPRESSIVE-TOWERS BEING SAVED USING WIND POWERING CARGO SHIPS MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERTED FROM WIND'S KINETIC ENERGY USING VERY LARGE KITES EDIT RECREATION OTTO LILIENTHAL FLIGHTWIND FIGURES PROMINENTLY SEVERAL POPULAR SPORTS INCLUDING RECREATIONAL HANG GLIDING BALLOONING KITE FLYING SNOWKITING KITE LANDBOARDING KITE SURFING PARAGLIDING SAILING WINDSURFING GLIDING WIND GRADIENTS JUST ABOVE SURFACE AFFECT TAKEOFF LANDING PHASES FLIGHT GLIDER WIND GRADIENT HAVE NOTICEABLE EFFECT GROUND LAUNCHES ALSO KNOWN WINCH LAUNCHES WIRE LAUNCHES WIND GRADIENT SIGNIFICANT SUDDEN BOTH PILOT MAINTAINS SAME PITCH ATTITUDE INDICATED AIRSPEED WILL INCREASE POSSIBLY EXCEEDING MAXIMUM GROUND LAUNCH SPEED PILOT MUST ADJUST AIRSPEED DEAL WITH EFFECT GRADIENT WHEN LANDING WIND SHEAR ALSO HAZARD PARTICULARLY WHEN WINDS STRONG GLIDER DESCENDS THROUGH WIND GRADIENT FINAL APPROACH LANDING AIRSPEED DECREASES WHILE SINK RATE INCREASES THERE INSUFFICIENT TIME ACCELERATE PRIOR GROUND CONTACT PILOT MUST ANTICIPATE WIND GRADIENT HIGHER APPROACH SPEED COMPENSATE EDIT ROLE NATURAL WORLD ARID CLIMATES MAIN SOURCE EROSION WIND GENERAL WIND CIRCULATION MOVES SMALL PARTICULATES SUCH DUST ACROSS WIDE OCEANS THOUSANDS KILOMETERS DOWNWIND THEIR POINT ORIGIN WHICH KNOWN DEFLATION WESTERLY WINDS MID-LATITUDES PLANET DRIVE MOVEMENT OCEAN CURRENTS FROM WEST EAST ACROSS WORLD'S OCEANS WIND VERY IMPORTANT ROLE AIDING PLANTS OTHER IMMOBILE ORGANISMS DISPERSAL SEEDS SPORES POLLEN ALTHOUGH WIND PRIMARY FORM SEED DISPERSAL PLANTS PROVIDES DISPERSAL LARGE PERCENTAGE BIOMASS LAND PLANTS EDIT EROSION ROCK FORMATION ALTIPLANO BOLIVIA SCULPTED WIND EROSIONSEE ALSO AEOLIAN PROCESSES EROSION RESULT MATERIAL MOVEMENT WIND THERE MAIN EFFECTS FIRST WIND CAUSES SMALL PARTICLES LIFTED THEREFORE MOVED ANOTHER REGION THIS CALLED DEFLATION SECOND THESE SUSPENDED PARTICLES IMPACT SOLID OBJECTS CAUSING EROSION ABRASION ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION WIND EROSION GENERALLY OCCURS AREAS WITH LITTLE VEGETATION OFTEN AREAS WHERE THERE INSUFFICIENT RAINFALL SUPPORT VEGETATION EXAMPLE FORMATION SAND DUNES BEACH DESERT LOESS HOMOGENEOUS TYPICALLY NONSTRATIFIED POROUS FRIABLE SLIGHTLY COHERENT OFTEN CALCAREOUS FINE-GRAINED SILTY PALE YELLOW BUFF WINDBLOWN AEOLIAN SEDIMENT GENERALLY OCCURS WIDESPREAD BLANKET DEPOSIT THAT COVERS AREAS HUNDREDS SQUARE KILOMETERS TENS METERS THICK LOESS OFTEN STANDS EITHER STEEP VERTICAL FACES LOESS TENDS DEVELOP INTO HIGHLY RICH SOILS UNDER APPROPRIATE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AREAS WITH LOESS AMONG MOST AGRICULTURALLY PRODUCTIVE WORLD LOESS DEPOSITS GEOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE NATURE WILL ERODE VERY READILY THEREFORE WINDBREAKS SUCH TREES BUSHES OFTEN PLANTED FARMERS REDUCE WIND EROSION LOESS EDIT DESERT DUST MIGRATION DURING MID-SUMMER JULY WESTWARD-MOVING TRADE WINDS SOUTH NORTHWARD-MOVING SUBTROPICAL RIDGE EXPAND NORTHWESTWARD FROM CARIBBEAN INTO SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA WHEN DUST FROM SAHARA MOVING AROUND SOUTHERN PERIPHERY RIDGE WITHIN BELT TRADE WINDS MOVES OVER LAND RAINFALL SUPPRESSED CHANGES FROM BLUE WHITE APPEARANCE WHICH LEADS INCREASE SUNSETS PRESENCE NEGATIVELY IMPACTS QUALITY ADDING COUNT AIRBORNE PARTICULATES OVER PERCENT AFRICAN DUST THAT REACHES UNITED STATES AFFECTS FLORIDA SINCE DUST OUTBREAKS HAVE WORSENED BECAUSE PERIODS DROUGHT AFRICA THERE LARGE VARIABILITY DUST TRANSPORT CARIBBEAN FLORIDA FROM YEAR YEAR DUST EVENTS HAVE BEEN LINKED DECLINE HEALTH CORAL REEFS ACROSS CARIBBEAN FLORIDA PRIMARILY SINCE SIMILAR DUST PLUMES ORIGINATE GOBI DESERT WHICH COMBINED WITH POLLUTANTS SPREAD LARGE DISTANCES DOWNWIND EASTWARD INTO NORTH AMERICA THERE LOCAL NAMES WINDS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND DUST STORMS CALIMA CARRIES DUST SOUTHEAST WINDS INTO CANARY ISLANDS HARMATTAN CARRIES DUST DURING WINTER INTO GULF GUINEA SIROCCO BRINGS DUST FROM NORTH AFRICA INTO SOUTHERN EUROPE BECAUSE MOVEMENT EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES THROUGH MEDITERRANEAN SPRING STORM SYSTEMS MOVING ACROSS EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CAUSE DUST CARRY ACROSS EGYPT ARABIAN PENINSULA WHICH LOCALLY KNOWN KHAMSIN SHAMAL CAUSED COLD FRONTS LIFTING DUST INTO ATMOSPHERE DAYS TIME ACROSS PERSIAN GULF STATES EDIT EFFECT PLANTS TUMBLEWEED BLOWN AGAINST FENCESEE ALSO SEED DISPERSAL WIND DISPERSAL SEEDS ANEMOCHORY MORE PRIMITIVE MEANS DISPERSAL WIND DISPERSAL TAKE PRIMARY FORMS SEEDS FLOAT BREEZE ALTERNATIVELY THEY FLUTTER GROUND CLASSIC EXAMPLES THESE DISPERSAL MECHANISMS INCLUDE DANDELIONS TARAXACUM ASTERACEAE WHICH HAVE FEATHERY PAPPUS ATTACHED THEIR SEEDS DISPERSED LONG DISTANCES MAPLES ACER GENUS SAPINDACEAE WHICH HAVE WINGED SEEDS FLUTTER GROUND IMPORTANT CONSTRAINT WIND DISPERSAL NEED ABUNDANT SEED PRODUCTION MAXIMIZE LIKELIHOOD SEED LANDING SITE SUITABLE GERMINATION THERE ALSO STRONG EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINTS THIS DISPERSAL MECHANISM INSTANCE SPECIES ASTERACEAE ISLANDS TENDED HAVE REDUCED DISPERSAL CAPABILITIES LARGER SEED MASS SMALLER PAPPUS RELATIVE SAME SPECIES MAINLAND RELIANCE UPON WIND DISPERSAL COMMON AMONG MANY WEEDY RUDERAL SPECIES UNUSUAL MECHANISMS WIND DISPERSAL INCLUDE TUMBLEWEEDS RELATED PROCESS ANEMOCHORY ANEMOPHILY WHICH PROCESS WHERE POLLEN DISTRIBUTED WIND LARGE FAMILIES PLANTS POLLINATED THIS MANNER WHICH FAVORED WHEN INDIVIDUALS DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES SPACED CLOSELY TOGETHER WIND ALSO LIMITS TREE GROWTH COASTS ISOLATED MOUNTAINS TREE LINE OFTEN MUCH LOWER THAN CORRESPONDING ALTITUDES INLAND LARGER MORE COMPLEX MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS BECAUSE STRONG WINDS REDUCE TREE GROWTH HIGH WINDS SCOUR AWAY THIN SOILS THROUGH EROSION WELL DAMAGE LIMBS TWIGS WHEN HIGH WINDS KNOCK DOWN UPROOT TREES PROCESS KNOWN WINDTHROW THIS MOST LIKELY WINDWARD SLOPES MOUNTAINS WITH SEVERE CASES GENERALLY OCCURRING TREE STANDS THAT YEARS OLDER PLANT VARIETIES NEAR COAST SUCH SITKA SPRUCE GRAPE PRUNED BACK WIND SALT SPRAY NEAR COASTLINE EDIT EFFECT ANIMALS CATTLE SHEEP PRONE WIND CHILL CAUSED COMBINATION WIND COLD TEMPERATURES WHEN WINDS EXCEED KILOMETRES HOUR THAT RENDERS THEIR HAIR WOOL COVERINGS INEFFECTIVE ALTHOUGH PENGUINS BOTH LAYER FEATHERS HELP GUARD AGAINST COLDNESS BOTH WATER THEIR FLIPPERS FEET LESS IMMUNE COLD COLDEST CLIMATES SUCH ANTARCTICA EMPEROR PENGUINS HUDDLING BEHAVIOR SURVIVE WIND COLD CONTINUOUSLY ALTERNATING MEMBERS OUTSIDE ASSEMBLED GROUP WHICH REDUCES HEAT LOSS FLYING INSECTS SUBSET ARTHROPODS SWEPT ALONG PREVAILING WINDS WHILE BIRDS FOLLOW THEIR COURSE TAKING ADVANTAGE WIND CONDITIONS ORDER EITHER GLIDE SUCH FINE LINE PATTERNS WITHIN WEATHER RADAR IMAGERY ASSOCIATED WITH CONVERGING WINDS DOMINATED INSECT RETURNS BIRD MIGRATION WHICH TENDS OCCUR OVERNIGHT WITHIN LOWEST FEET EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE CONTAMINATES WIND PROFILES GATHERED WEATHER RADAR PARTICULARLY WSR- INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL WIND RETURNS KNOTS KNOTS PIKAS WALL PEBBLES STORE PLANTS GRASSES WINTER ORDER PROTECT FOOD FROM BEING BLOWN AWAY COCKROACHES SLIGHT WINDS THAT PRECEDE ATTACKS POTENTIAL PREDATORS SUCH TOADS SURVIVE THEIR ENCOUNTERS THEIR CERCI VERY SENSITIVE WIND HELP THEM SURVIVE HALF THEIR ATTACKS KEEN SENSE SMELL THAT DETECT POTENTIAL UPWIND PREDATORS DISTANCE MILES INCREASES WIND ABOVE KILOMETRES HOUR SIGNALS GLAUCOUS GULLS INCREASE THEIR FORAGING AERIAL ATTACKS THICK-BILLED MURRES EDIT RELATED DAMAGE ALSO SEVERE WEATHER DAMAGE FROM HURRICANE ANDREWHIGH WINDS KNOWN CAUSE DAMAGE DEPENDING UPON THEIR STRENGTH INFREQUENT WIND GUSTS CAUSE POORLY DESIGNED SUSPENSION BRIDGES SWAY WHEN WIND GUSTS SIMILAR FREQUENCY SWAYING BRIDGE BRIDGE DESTROYED MORE EASILY SUCH WHAT OCCURRED WITH TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE WIND SPEEDS KNOTS LEAD POWER OUTAGES TREE BRANCHES DISRUPTING FLOW ENERGY THROUGH POWER LINES WHILE SPECIES TREE GUARANTEED STAND HURRICANE-FORCE WINDS THOSE WITH SHALLOW ROOTS MORE PRONE UPROOT BRITTLE TREES SUCH EUCALYPTUS HIBISCUS AVOCADO MORE PRONE DAMAGE HURRICANE-FORCE WINDS CAUSE SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGE MOBILE HOMES BEGIN STRUCTURALLY DAMAGE HOMES WITH FOUNDATIONS WINDS THIS STRENGTH DOWNSLOPED WINDS TERRAIN HAVE BEEN KNOWN SHATTER WINDOWS SANDBLAST PAINT FROM CARS ONCE WINDS EXCEED KNOTS HOMES COMPLETELY COLLAPSE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE DONE LARGER BUILDINGS TOTAL DESTRUCTION MAN-MADE STRUCTURES OCCURS WHEN WINDS REACH KNOTS SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE WERE DESIGNED HELP ESTIMATE WIND SPEED FROM DAMAGE CAUSED HIGH WINDS RELATED TROPICAL CYCLONES TORNADOES VICE VERSA AUSTRALIA'S BARROW ISLAND HOLDS RECORD STRONGEST WIND GUST REACHING DURING TROPICAL CYCLONE OLIVIA APRIL SURPASSING PREVIOUS RECORD HELD MOUNT WASHINGTON HAMPSHIRE AFTERNOON APRIL WILDFIRE INTENSITY INCREASES DURING DAYTIME HOURS EXAMPLE BURN RATES SMOLDERING LOGS FIVE TIMES GREATER DURING BECAUSE LOWER HUMIDITY INCREASED TEMPERATURES INCREASED WIND SPEEDS SUNLIGHT WARMS GROUND DURING CAUSES CURRENTS TRAVEL UPHILL DOWNHILL DURING NIGHT LAND COOLS WILDFIRES FANNED THESE WINDS OFTEN FOLLOW CURRENTS OVER HILLS THROUGH VALLEYS UNITED STATES WILDFIRE OPERATIONS REVOLVE AROUND -HOUR FIRE THAT BEGINS BECAUSE PREDICTABLE INCREASE INTENSITY RESULTING FROM DAYTIME WARMTH EDIT OUTER SPACE SOLAR WIND QUITE DIFFERENT FROM TERRESTRIAL WIND THAT ORIGIN COMPOSED CHARGED PARTICLES THAT HAVE ESCAPED SUN'S ATMOSPHERE SIMILAR SOLAR WIND PLANETARY WIND COMPOSED LIGHT GASES THAT ESCAPE PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES OVER LONG PERIODS TIME PLANETARY WIND RADICALLY CHANGE COMPOSITION PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES EDIT PLANETARY WIND MAIN ARTICLE ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE POSSIBLE FUTURE EARTH PLANETARY WIND VENUSTHE HYDRODYNAMIC WIND WITHIN UPPER PORTION PLANET'S ATMOSPHERE ALLOWS LIGHT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS SUCH HYDROGEN MOVE EXOBASE LOWER LIMIT EXOSPHERE WHERE GASES THEN REACH ESCAPE VELOCITY ENTERING OUTER SPACE WITHOUT IMPACTING OTHER PARTICLES THIS TYPE LOSS FROM PLANET INTO SPACE KNOWN PLANETARY WIND SUCH PROCESS OVER GEOLOGIC TIME CAUSES WATER-RICH PLANETS SUCH EARTH EVOLVE INTO PLANETS SUCH VENUS OVER BILLIONS YEARS PLANETS WITH LOWER ATMOSPHERES COULD RESULT HUMID UPPER ATMOSPHERES THAT ACCELERATE LOSS HYDROGEN EDIT SOLAR WIND MAIN ARTICLE SOLAR WIND PLASMA SOLAR WIND MEETING HELIOPAUSERATHER THAN SOLAR WIND STREAM CHARGED PARTICLES—A PLASMA—EJECTED FROM UPPER ATMOSPHERE RATE KILOMETRES SECOND CONSISTS MOSTLY ELECTRONS PROTONS WITH ENERGIES ABOUT STREAM PARTICLES VARIES TEMPERATURE SPEED WITH PASSAGE TIME THESE PARTICLES ABLE ESCAPE SUN'S GRAVITY PART BECAUSE HIGH TEMPERATURE CORONA ALSO BECAUSE HIGH KINETIC ENERGY THAT PARTICLES GAIN THROUGH PROCESS THAT WELL-UNDERSTOOD SOLAR WIND CREATES HELIOSPHERE VAST BUBBLE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM SURROUNDING SOLAR SYSTEM PLANETS REQUIRE LARGE MAGNETIC FIELDS ORDER REDUCE IONIZATION THEIR UPPER ATMOSPHERE SOLAR WIND OTHER PHENOMENA INCLUDE GEOMAGNETIC STORMS THAT KNOCK POWER GRIDS EARTH AURORAE SUCH NORTHERN LIGHTS PLASMA TAILS COMETS THAT ALWAYS POINT AWAY FROM EDIT OTHER PLANETS STRONG KILOMETRES HOUR WINDS VENUS'S CLOUD TOPS CIRCLE PLANET EVERY FOUR FIVE EARTH DAYS WHEN POLES MARS EXPOSED SUNLIGHT AFTER THEIR WINTER FROZEN SUBLIMES CREATING SIGNIFICANT WINDS THAT SWEEP POLES FAST KILOMETRES HOUR WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY TRANSPORTS LARGE AMOUNTS DUST WATER VAPOR OVER LANDSCAPE OTHER MARTIAN WINDS HAVE RESULTED CLEANING EVENTS DUST DEVILS JUPITER WIND SPEEDS METRES SECOND COMMON ZONAL STREAMS SATURN'S WINDS AMONG SOLAR SYSTEM'S FASTEST CASSINI–HUYGENS DATA INDICATED PEAK EASTERLY WINDS METRES SECOND URANUS NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WIND SPEEDS REACH HIGH METRES SECOND NEAR DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE CLOUD TOPS NEPTUNE PREVAILING WINDS RANGE SPEED FROM METRES SECOND ALONG EQUATOR METRES SECOND POLES LATITUDE NEPTUNE HIGH-SPEED STREAM TRAVELS SPEED METRES SECOND EDIT ALSO WIKIQUOTE COLLECTION QUOTATIONS RELATED WIND CLIMATOLOGY HIGH WIND WARNING KüSSNER EFFECT WIND ADVISORY WIND WAVE LIST LOCAL WINDS NORTH WIND SOUTH WIND WEST WIND EAST WIND EDIT REFERENCES JETSTREAM ORIGIN WIND NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SOUTHERN REGION HEADQUARTERS HTTP NOAA JETSTREAM SYNOPTIC WIND RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY GEOSTROPHIC WIND AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY HTTP AMSGLOSSARY ALLENPRESS GLOSSARY SEARCH GEOSTROPHIC-WIND RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY THERMAL WIND AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY HTTP AMSGLOSSARY ALLENPRESS GLOSSARY SEARCH QUERY THERMAL WIND SUBMIT SEARCH RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY AGEOSTROPHIC WIND AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY HTTP AMSGLOSSARY ALLENPRESS GLOSSARY SEARCH QUERY GEOSTROPHIC WIND SUBMIT SEARCH RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY GRADIENT WIND AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY HTTP AMSGLOSSARY ALLENPRESS GLOSSARY SEARCH 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ARIZONA HTTP ARTICLES ADSABS HARVARD CGI-BIN NPH-IARTICLE QUERY DATA TYPE HIGH WHOLE PAPER TYPE PRINTER FILETYPE RETRIEVED EDIT EXTERNAL LINKS WIKIMEDIA COMMONS MEDIA RELATED WIND METEOROLOGY GUIDES FORCES WINDS INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE FROM UNIVERSITY ILLINOIS NAMES WINDS LIST FROM GOLDEN GATE WEATHER SERVICES WIND ATLASES WORLD LISTS WIND ATLASES WIND SURVEYS FROM OVER WORLD WINDS MARS AEOLIAN ACTIVITY LANDFORMS PAPER WITH SLIDES THAT ILLUSTRATE WIND ACTIVITY PLANET MARS CLASSIFICATION WIND SPEEDS WIND-SPEED CHART BIBLIOGRAPHY AEOLIAN RESEARCH SHOW EMETEOROLOGICAL DATA VARIABLES GENERAL ADIABATIC PROCESSES LAPSE RATE LIGHTNING SURFACE SOLAR RADIATION SURFACE WEATHER ANALYSIS VISIBILITY VORTICITY WIND CONDENSATION CLOUD CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI PRECIPITATION WATER VAPOR CONVECTION CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY CAPE CONVECTIVE INHIBITION CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY CONVECTIVE TEMPERATURE HELICITY LIFTED INDEX BULK RICHARDSON NUMBER TEMPERATURE POINT EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE FOREST FIRE WEATHER INDEX HAINES INDEX HEAT INDEX HUMIDEX HUMIDITY POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENT POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE SURFACE TEMPERATURE WET-BULB TEMPERATURE WET-BULB POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE WIND CHILL PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE BAROCLINITY BAROTROPICITY RETRIEVED FROM HTTP WIKIPEDIA WIKI WIND CATEGORIES ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS BASIC METEOROLOGICAL CONCEPTS PHENOMENA WIND WEATHER HIDDEN CATEGORIES ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS FROM NOVEMBER PAGES CONTAINING CITE TEMPLATES WITH DEPRECATED PARAMETERS WIKIPEDIA INDEFINITELY MOVE-PROTECTED PAGES FEATURED ARTICLESVIEWSARTICLE DISCUSSION EDIT THIS PAGE HISTORY PERSONAL TOOLSTRY BETA CREATE ACCOUNT NAVIGATION MAIN PAGE CONTENTS FEATURED CONTENT CURRENT EVENTS RANDOM ARTICLE SEARCH INTERACTION ABOUT WIKIPEDIA COMMUNITY PORTAL RECENT CHANGES CONTACT WIKIPEDIA DONATE WIKIPEDIA HELP TOOLBOX WHAT LINKS HERE RELATED CHANGES UPLOAD FILE SPECIAL PAGES PRINTABLE VERSION PERMANENT LINK CITE THIS PAGE LANGUAGES AFRIKAANS 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DECEMBER NUDITY STATE WEARING CLOTHING RELATED CONCEPT MODESTY SOMETIMES USED REFER WEARING SIGNIFICANTLY LESS CLOTHING THAN EXPECTED CONVENTIONS PARTICULAR CULTURE SITUATION PARTICULAR EXPOSING BARE SKIN INTIMATE PARTS CONTENTS HIDE TERMINOLOGY MODESTY PUBLIC NUDITY NON-SEXUAL PUBLIC NUDITY CHILDREN HOME NUDITY CHILDREN CHILDREN SEEING NUDITY COMMUNAL SHOWERING NUDE PHOTOGRAPHY NUDE CALENDARS GENDER SEGREGATION WESTERN CULTURE FUNCTIONAL NUDITY TOPFREE NATURISM NUDISM NUDE BATHING SEXUALITY NON-WESTERN ATTITUDES AFRICA LIBERIA ASIA HISTORICAL OVERVIEW PUNISHMENT RELIGION CHRISTIANITY HINDUISM ISLAM JUDAISM STUDIES ALSO REFERENCES FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT TERMINOLOGY THIS SECTION DOES CITE REFERENCES SOURCES PLEASE HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE ADDING CITATIONS RELIABLE SOURCES UNSOURCED MATERIAL CHALLENGED REMOVED JULY THERE MANY TERMS USED DESCRIBE VARIOUS STATES NUDITY THESE TERMS VARY BETWEEN WITHIN DIFFERENT CULTURES CONTEXTS CHANGE OVER TIME SOMETIMES SUCH TERMS USED EUPHEMISMS SOMETIMES POETIC TERMS HUMOROUSLY FULL NUDITY USED DESCRIBE STATE COMPLETE NUDITY WITH CLOTHING COVERING WHATSOEVER FULL FRONTAL NUDITY REFERS WEARING CLOTHING FACING OBSERVER SHOWING WHOLE FRONT SIDE BODY INCLUDING PENIS VAGINA BREASTS PARTIAL FRONTAL NUDITY SHOWING ONLY BARE BREASTS NON-FRONTAL NUDITY SUCH SHOWING BUTTOCKS WHOLE BACK SIDE BODY BODY VIEWED FROM OTHER DIRECTION TERM PARTIAL NUDITY REFERS STATE LESS THAN COMPLETE NUDITY SOMETIMES USED REFER EXPOSURE SKIN BEYOND WHAT PERSON USING EXPRESSION CONSIDERS WITHIN LIMITS MODESTY EXPOSURE WITHIN STANDARDS MODESTY GIVEN CULTURE SETTING WEARING BIKINI NON-NUDE BEACH TERMS SUCH NUDITY PARTIAL OTHERWISE NORMALLY USED HOWEVER DEGREE EXPOSURE EXCEEDS CULTURAL NORMS SETTING ACTIVITY SETTING INCLUDES NUDITY UNDERSTOOD PART FUNCTION SUCH NUDE BEACH TERMINOLOGY RELATING NUDITY DEGREES THEREOF TYPICALLY USED EDIT MODESTY THIS SECTION DOES CITE REFERENCES SOURCES PLEASE HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE ADDING CITATIONS RELIABLE SOURCES UNSOURCED MATERIAL CHALLENGED REMOVED JULY ALSO MODESTY REVEALING BARE SKIN EVEN REMOVING CLOTHES FRONT OTHERS EVEN WHEN THERE ANOTHER LAYER CLOTHING UNDERNEATH TIMES REGARDED SOME EROTIC OFFENSIVE IMMODEST UNDER SOME PEOPLE'S STANDARDS MODESTY CLOTHING WHICH FOLLOWS CONTOURS BODY CLOTHING USING TRANSPARENT MATERIALS CLOTHING WHICH STICKS SKIN BECOME TRANSPARENT WHEN T-SHIRT CONTESTS REGARDED SOME EROTIC IMMODEST SIMULATING NUDITY HOWEVER THERE OCCASIONS WHEN STANDARDS MODESTY WAIVED CASE MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS EDIT PUBLIC NUDITY THIS SECTION DOES CITE REFERENCES SOURCES PLEASE HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE ADDING CITATIONS RELIABLE SOURCES UNSOURCED MATERIAL CHALLENGED REMOVED JULY MAIN ARTICLE PUBLIC NUDITY STREAKING HARVARD YALE GAMESOCIETY'S RESPONSE PUBLIC NUDITY VARIES CULTURE TIME LOCATION CONTEXT ACTIVITIES THERE MANY EXCEPTIONS PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH NUDITY TOLERATED ACCEPTED EVEN ENCOURAGED PUBLIC SPACES SUCH EXAMPLES WOULD INCLUDE NUDE BEACHES WITHIN SOME INTENTIONAL COMMUNITIES SUCH NATURIST RESORTS CLUBS SPECIAL EVENTS GENERAL ACROSS CULTURES MORE RESTRICTIONS FOUND EXPOSURE THOSE PARTS HUMAN BODY THAT DISPLAY EVIDENCE SEXUAL AROUSAL ORGANS OFTEN WOMEN'S BREASTS COVERED EVEN WHEN OTHER PARTS BODY FREELY UNCOVERED NUDITY TABOO HAVE MEANINGS DEEPER THAN IMMEDIATE POSSIBILITY SEXUAL AROUSAL EXAMPLE CUMULATIVE WEIGHT TRADITION HABIT CLOTHING ALSO EXPRESSES SYMBOLIZES AUTHORITY MORE GENERAL NORMS VALUES BESIDES THOSE SEXUAL NATURE ANOTHER COMMON DISTINCTION THAT GRATUITOUS NUDITY PERCEIVED MORE OFFENSIVE THAN SAME DEGREE PHYSICAL EXPOSURE FUNCTIONAL CONTEXT WHERE ACTION COULD CONVENIENTLY PERFORMED DRESSED EITHER REALITY FICTITIOUS SCENE INTENT ALSO INVOKED WHETHER NUDITY MEANT AFFECT OBSERVERS STREAKING CONSIDERED UNACCEPTABLY PROVOCATIVE NUDE TANNING VIEWED MILDLY RATHER INOFFENSIVE EDIT NON-SEXUAL PUBLIC NUDITY SOME PEOPLE ENJOY PUBLIC NUDITY NON-SEXUAL CONTEXT COMMON VARIANTS CLOTHES FREE MOVEMENT NUDISM NATURISM OFTEN PRACTICED RESERVED PLACES THAT USED CALLED NUDIST CAMPS MORE COMMONLY CALLED NATURIST RESORTS NUDE BEACHES CLUBS SUCH FACILITIES DESIGNATED TOPFREE CLOTHING-OPTIONAL FULLY NUDE-ONLY PUBLIC NUDE RECREATION MOST COMMON RURAL AREAS OUTDOORS ALTHOUGH LIMITED WARM WEATHER EVEN COUNTRIES WITH INCLEMENT WEATHER MUCH YEAR WHERE PUBLIC NUDITY RESTRICTED SUCH UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY DENMARK PUBLIC NUDE RECREATION INDOORS REMAINS RARE EXAMPLE STARKERS NIGHTCLUB LONDON MONTHLY NUDE-ONLY DISCO PARTY WORLD NAKED BIKE RIDE ZARAGOZA OTHERS PRACTICE PUBLIC NUDITY MORE CASUALLY TOPFREE SUNBATHING CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE MANY BEACHES FRANCE SPAIN MOST REST EUROPE EVEN SOME OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOLS HOWEVER EXPOSURE GENITALS RESTRICTED NUDIST AREAS MOST REGIONS UNITED STATES TOPFREE SUNBATHING WEARING THONGS COMMON MANY AREAS LIMITED NUDE BEACHES VARIOUS LOCATIONS NORMALLY ACCEPTABLE UNITED STATES BARECHESTED SHIRTLESS WHEN ENGAGED OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES WHERE SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY NUDITY CERTAIN PLACES WELL UNDERSTOOD LEGAL POSITION OFTEN LESS CLEAR ENGLAND EXAMPLE DOES ACTUALLY PROHIBIT SIMPLE PUBLIC NUDITY DOES FORBID INDECENT EXPOSURE CITATION NEEDED PRACTICE THIS MEANS THAT SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION HANGS WHETHER THERE DEMONSTRABLE INTENTION SHOCK OTHERS RATHER THAN SIMPLY DESIRE NAKED PUBLIC PLACE SPECIFICALLY USING NUDITY HARASS ALARM DISTRESS OTHERS OFFENCE AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER OCCASIONAL ATTEMPTS PROVE THIS POINT WALKING NAKED AROUND COUNTRY THEREFORE OFTEN RESULT PERIODS ARREST FOLLOWED RELEASE WITHOUT CHARGE INCONSISTENCIES APPROACH BETWEEN DIFFERENT POLICE JURISDICTIONS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLAND SCOTLAND APPEAR MAKE POSITION HARDER NAKED RAMBLERS ONCE THEY REACH SCOTLAND EVEN WHERE GENERAL PUBLIC FAIRLY TOLERANT PUBLIC NUDITY STILL NOTORIOUS ENOUGH USED DELIBERATE OFTEN SUCCESSFUL MEANS ATTRACT PUBLICITY EITHER NATURISTS PROMOTING THEIR LIFE OTHERS VARIOUS PURPOSES SUCH COMMERCIAL NUDITY ADVERTISING STAGING NUDE EVENTS FORUM USUALLY UNRELATED MESSAGES SUCH VARIOUS NUDE BIKER TOURS DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENT CAUSES CELEBRITIES REVEALING THEIR NATURAL STATE REMOVING COAT SUPPORT CAMPAIGN AGAINST SALES EDIT CHILDREN EDIT HOME THERE DIFFERENCES OPINION WHETHER WHAT EXTENT PARENTS SHOULD APPEAR NAKED FRONT THEIR CHILDREN GORDON SCHROEDER REPORT THAT PARENTAL NUDITY VARIES CONSIDERABLY FROM FAMILY FAMILY THEY THAT THERE NOTHING INHERENTLY WRONG WITH BATHING WITH CHILDREN OTHERWISE APPEARING NAKED FRONT THEM NOTING THAT DOING PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY PARENTS PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION THEY NOTE THAT AGES CHILDREN BEGIN DEVELOP SENSE MODESTY RECOMMEND PARENTS WISH SENSITIVE THEIR CHILDREN'S WISHES THAT THEY LIMIT SUCH ACTIVITIES FROM THAT ONWARDS BONNER RECOMMENDS AGAINST NUDITY HOME CHILDREN EXHIBIT S

Thanks to TYöKOS ENALUDE for these words.

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